什麼是鏈抽象,如何改變DeFi世界?立即了解。
去中心化金融(DeFi)從金融界的小眾領域,發展成推動金融革命的重要力量。區塊鏈技術令DeFi平台無需中介,直接向用戶提供多種金融服務,包括資產管理、借貸與交易。
透明度、使用便捷和創新功能吸引全球用戶,並帶來鉅額資金。
然而,DeFi的迅速擴展並非無憂無慮。不同區塊鏈網絡割裂現象嚴重,例如Ethereum、Binance Smart Chain 和 Solana 等都各自運作DeFi生態,令互操作性變得困難。多區塊鏈令用戶需切換不同錢包及介面,體驗分散。
開發者也同樣分散。要開發DeFi應用,必須選定一條區塊鏈,導致應用受限於該生態的功能與用戶。區塊鏈間缺乏兼容性阻礙創新和拓展。隨區塊鏈平台數目增加,開發和維護跨鏈應用亦越來越困難。
為解決上述障礙,各種方法應運而生,如互操作性協議、包裹代幣、跨鏈橋等,有助整合原本分隔的區塊鏈。但這些方案通常令架構更複雜,安全漏洞增加。開發者與用戶都追求更簡潔的統一DeFi解決方案。
「鏈抽象」這一模式旨在為用戶和開發者屏蔽底層區塊鏈的複雜性。鏈抽象透過統一介面與多條鏈互動,聲稱能優化用戶體驗及簡化開發。在某些層面,你可以把鏈抽象比喻為汽車的自動波箱。沒有鏈抽象,就像自己換波一樣,需要技巧和知識,有了自動波,系統依據速度自動選擇最佳波段。鏈抽象對各區塊鏈而言也一樣,你只需決定「要去哪裡」。
它或許正是釋放跨鏈DeFi最大潛力的關鍵,開啟一個整合且高效的金融體系。
本文將詳細介紹鏈抽象的定義、運作原理,以及對DeFi發展的潛在利與弊,讓你一次過全面了解這項重要概念。
什麼是鏈抽象?
「鏈抽象」指建立一個屏障,把區塊鏈基礎設施與去中心化應用(dApps)分割開來。
透過該抽象層,開發者可在不更改代碼的情況下,建立可於多條鏈上運作的應用。這層技術令應用能在任何區塊鏈上都可使用。
用戶亦可與dApp互動,而無需理會背後用的是哪條區塊鏈。
接下來進一步淺談技術細節。
鏈抽象包括幾個關鍵組件:
- 互操作性協議:促進不同區塊鏈間溝通,像IBC(Inter-Blockchain Communication)等技術可安全高效實現資產與數據跨鏈轉移。
- 中介軟件方案(Middleware):作為中間層,負責翻譯及路由交易到合適的區塊鏈,處理不同共識機制、交易格式與合約語言的複雜性。
- 標準化API與SDK:標準化的應用程式介面(API)和軟件開發工具包(SDK),讓開發者可透過單一介面與多鏈互動,簡化開發流程及學習曲線。
- 虛擬機與執行環境:如Ethereum虛擬機(EVM)兼容層,讓智能合約毋須修改即可於多條鏈運行。又如Polkadot的Substrate框架能創建可無縫互通的專屬區塊鏈。
- 跨鏈智能合約:專為多鏈運作而設計的智能合約,可根據一條鏈上的事件觸發另一鏈上的操作,實現複雜的跨鏈功能。
結合上述功能,鏈抽象為開發者和用戶建構出統一的環境。
開發者可一次寫好程式,部署到多個平台。各鏈的共識算法、交易最終性及Gas費等細節,由抽象層自動處理。
用戶亦可透過鏈抽象無縫使用dApp,無需認識不同區塊鏈的細節或管理多個錢包。抽象層根據成本、速度、安全等標準,自動為每筆交易選擇最佳區塊鏈。
建立信任且安全的系統,是鏈抽象的關鍵。
抽象層負責協調多條鏈間的互動,必須確保底層平台的安全與完整性。為減低漏洞和惡意攻擊,往往要用到複雜的密碼學及共識機制。
跨鏈流動性協議的應用正好展現鏈抽象的價值。
透過這些協議,用戶可跨多條鏈存取流動性,於統一平台一覽更多資產及交易對。資產兌換的安全與效率,由抽象層負責交易路由及資產管理。
鏈抽象將應用程式與特定區塊鏈分離,造就更具彈性與可擴展的DeFi生態。讓用戶與開發者不再受限於單一平台,有利開發能活用不同區塊鏈特色(速度、成本效益或智能合約能力)的新服務。
鏈抽象於跨鏈DeFi的實際應用
採用鏈抽象後,DeFi領域獲得更多實用功能,尤其可實現此前難以達成的跨鏈操作。
以下是鏈抽象帶來顯著轉變的應用範疇:
- 統一資產管理:用戶能透過單一錢包介面管理多鏈資產,抽象層處理所有複雜流程,無需切換錢包或界面,即可查閱餘額、發送交易及參與DeFi。
- 跨鏈去中心化交易所(DEX):鏈抽象令DEX可無縫交易不同區塊鏈資產,用戶無需中間資產或包裹代幣,流動性池更多,交易機會大增。
- 跨鏈借貸平台:DeFi平台能提供跨鏈借貸服務,讓用戶於一條鏈上抵押資產,於另一鏈上借出,提升息率與資產使用效率。
- 跨鏈收益優化:資產可於多鏈部署以賺取最佳收益,抽象層自動調整分配,捕捉機會同時減低成本及風險。
- 可擴展dApp開發:開發者可建構善用不同鏈優勢的dApp,例如用一條鏈處理高速交易,另一條鏈存儲資產,由抽象層負責協調。
- 跨鏈身份與信譽系統:鏈抽象有助建立可跨鏈運作的身份系統,令信譽分數、信貸紀錄等用戶數據可攜,提升信任度及減少欺詐。
- 支付解決方案:商戶及支付平台可一次過接受多鏈加密貨幣,抽象層自動兌換及處理交易,簡化用戶及商戶的支付流程。
- 加強安全措施:運作分佈多條鏈,令單一鏈的漏洞風險分散,多鏈驗證及共識機制進一步增強安全。
- 法規合規工具:抽象層可納入KYC、AML等合規功能,跨鏈運作,協助DeFi平台符合法規,同時維持去中心化特色。
- 資源優化:抽象層可按交易成本或速度,自動選用最優質區塊鏈,提升效能和資源利用率。
From a technical perspective, integrating cross-chain communication protocols such as Polkadot's XCMP or Cosmos's IBC is necessary for the implementation of chain abstraction.
從技術層面來講,要實現鏈抽象,整合跨鏈通訊協議(例如 Polkadot 嘅 XCMP 或 Cosmos 嘅 IBC)係必須嘅。
These protocols lay the groundwork for safe channels for blockchains to transfer assets and data to one another. To complete cross-chain transactions and keep states consistent, smart contracts and relayers collaborate.
呢啲協議建立咗安全通道嘅基礎,比唔同區塊鏈之間可以互相傳送資產同數據。為咗完成跨鏈交易並保持狀態一致,智能合約同轉發器(relayers)會一齊運作。
As an illustration, liquidity pools on various chains could be utilized by a cross-chain DEX.
舉個例,跨鏈 DEX 可以使用多條鏈上嘅流動資金池。
Following a user's trade request, the abstraction layer executes the trade across all applicable chains in the most efficient way possible, taking into account variables such as liquidity depth, transaction fees, and network congestion.
用戶發出交易指令之後,抽象層會根據相關鏈嘅流動性深度、交易手續費同網絡擁擠情況等等因素,自動以最高效方式喺所有合適鏈上進行交易。
None of this is visible to the user, though. This appears to be one smooth transaction to him or her. It’s as easy as that.
但對用戶嚟講,全部操作都不可見,成個過程睇落去就好似一次簡單、順暢嘅交易,就咁簡單。
Strict security protocols are also required for chain abstraction. Methods such as decentralized oracles, zero-knowledge proofs, and threshold signatures guarantee the dependability and security of cross-chain operations. The abstraction layer is an essential part of the DeFi architecture, so it needs to be secure and resistant to attacks.
鏈抽象同時需要嚴格嘅安全協議。去中心化預言機(decentralized oracle)、零知識證明(zero-knowledge proof)、門檻簽名(threshold signatures)等方法,可以確保跨鏈操作嘅可靠性同安全性。抽象層係 DeFi 架構入面一個重要部分,所以一定要夠安全、能防禦攻擊。
The potential for DeFi innovation is greatly increased by chain abstraction, which unlocks cross-chain capabilities.
鏈抽象解鎖咗跨鏈功能,極大提升咗 DeFi 創新嘅可能性。
Because of this, a broader variety of users and assets can be accommodated, investment strategies can be more diversified, and more complicated financial instruments can be created.
因此,可以容納更多唔同類型嘅用戶同資產、投資策略可以變得更加多元化,仲可以創造更複雜嘅金融工具。
Pros and Cons of Chain Abstraction
Nothing is perfect. Even the most sophisticated technologies can have their drawbacks. Especially, at the dawn of their development.
冇嘢係完美嘅,就算係最先進嘅科技都有其不足之處,特別係發展初期。
So, even though chain abstraction implementation is rather smooth, in comparison to some other DeFi technologies, there are nuances to talk about.
所以,即使鏈抽象嘅實踐相比某啲其他 DeFi 科技較為順利,其實都仲有啲細節要討論。
Let’s take a detailed look at pros and cons of chain abstraction.
不如我哋詳細睇吓鏈抽象嘅優缺點。
Pros:
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Enhanced Interoperability: Chain abstraction breaks down barriers between blockchains, enabling seamless interactions and expanding the reach of DeFi applications.
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提升互操作性:鏈抽象打破咗區塊鏈之間嘅障礙,令系統可以無縫互動,拓展 DeFi 應用範圍。
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Improved User Experience: Users can interact with multiple DeFi services through a single interface, reducing complexity and making DeFi more accessible to non-technical users.
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改善用戶體驗:用戶只需一個介面就可以操作多個 DeFi 服務,減少複雜度,令唔識技術嘅人都容易參與。
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Accelerated Development: Developers can build cross-chain applications without needing to master each blockchain's intricacies, speeding up innovation and deployment.
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加速開發:開發者唔需要熟悉每條鏈嘅細節,就可以開發跨鏈應用,創新同部署速度更快。
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Optimized Resource Utilization: The ability to route transactions based on cost, speed, or security optimizes resource use and can reduce transaction fees for users.
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優化資源利用:可以根據成本、速度或者安全度來分配交易,令資源運用更有效,同時幫用戶減低手續費。
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Increased Security: Distributing operations across multiple blockchains can mitigate risks associated with any single chain's vulnerabilities.
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加強安全性:操作分散喺多條鏈上,可以減少單一卡鏈出現漏洞而帶嚟嘅風險。
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Greater Liquidity: Aggregating assets across chains enhances liquidity pools, leading to more efficient markets and better price discovery.
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流動性提升:聚合唔同鏈上資產,強化資金池,提升市場效率同價格發現能力。
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Scalability: Chain abstraction can alleviate congestion on popular blockchains by distributing transactions, contributing to overall network scalability.
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可擴展性:透過分散交易,鏈抽象有助紓緩熱門區塊鏈嘅擁擠問題,提升整體網絡擴展能力。
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Regulatory Flexibility: Centralizing compliance features in the abstraction layer can simplify regulatory adherence across different jurisdictions.
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監管靈活性:將合規功能集中喺抽象層,方便喺唔同司法管轄區都能遵守監管要求。
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Diversification of Assets: Users gain access to a broader range of assets and financial products, enhancing portfolio diversification.
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資產多元化:用戶可以接觸到更多唔同資產同金融產品,幫助分散投資組合風險。
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Future-Proofing: Chain abstraction allows DeFi platforms to adapt to new blockchains and technologies as they emerge, ensuring long-term relevance.
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未來適應性:鏈抽象令 DeFi 平台可以隨時適應新興區塊鏈同技術,保持長遠競爭力。
Cons:
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Increased Complexity: Introducing an abstraction layer adds complexity to the system architecture, which can lead to new technical challenges and potential points of failure.
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複雜度提高:加入抽象層會令系統架構更加複雜,可能產生新嘅技術挑戰同故障點。
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Security Risks: The abstraction layer becomes a critical component that, if compromised, could affect multiple blockchains and applications simultaneously.
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安全風險:抽象層成為系統重心,一旦出現問題,對多條鏈同應用都會有影響。
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Performance Overhead: Additional layers of communication may introduce latency, affecting the performance of time-sensitive applications.
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效能負擔:多一層通訊結構可能帶嚟延遲,影響對時間敏感嘅應用表現。
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Centralization Concerns: Relying on middleware or specific protocols may introduce centralization risks, counter to the decentralized ethos of blockchain.
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去中心化風險:如果過份依賴中介層或某啲協定,可能會違反區塊鏈去中心化嘅初衷。
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Compatibility Issues: Ensuring compatibility across diverse blockchains with different protocols, consensus mechanisms, and smart contract languages can be challenging.
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兼容性問題:唔同區塊鏈協議、共識機制、智能合約語言各異,要保證兼容會有困難。
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Regulatory Uncertainty: Operating across multiple jurisdictions can complicate compliance efforts, especially as regulations evolve.
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監管不確定性:多地區營運會增加合規難度,特別係監管規則經常變動。
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Resource Requirements: Maintaining an abstraction layer that interfaces with multiple blockchains may require significant computational and financial resources.
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資源需求高:維護同多鏈對接嘅抽象層,可能需要大量計算同財政資源。
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Lack of Maturity: Chain abstraction technologies are still evolving, and early adopters may face unforeseen bugs, vulnerabilities, or limitations.
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技術未成熟:鏈抽象科技仲處於發展中,早期使用者會遇到未知漏洞同限制。
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User Trust and Adoption: Gaining user trust in the abstraction layer is crucial, and any failures could hinder adoption.
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用戶信任同採用率:抽象層必須獲得用戶信任,否則一旦出問題會阻礙大眾接受。
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Economic Risks: Complex cross-chain interactions may introduce new economic risks, such as liquidity fragmentation or unforeseen arbitrage opportunities that could destabilize markets.
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經濟風險:複雜跨鏈互動可能帶嚟新經濟風險,例如資金池分裂或突發套利情況,或會動搖市場穩定。
Conclusion
As decentralized finance continues to develop, chain abstraction will play a pivotal role.
隨著去中心化金融(DeFi)不斷發展,鏈抽象會成為關鍵角色。
By connecting different blockchain networks, it paints an attractive picture of a decentralized and user-friendly DeFi ecosystem. Universal access to financial services, increased innovation, and wider adoption can all result from simplifying the use of different blockchains.
透過連接唔同區塊鏈,畫出一個去中心化且易用嘅 DeFi 生態藍圖。簡化唔同鏈嘅使用,能推動金融服務普及、促進創新、擴大應用面。
The potential benefits of chain abstraction are significant.
鏈抽象帶嚟嘅潛在好處非常可觀。
The market's resilience and liquidity can be improved through increased interoperability. With enhanced user experiences, DeFi can reach more people. Once developers are no longer limited by the limitations of individual blockchains, they are free to build more complex applications.
加強互操作性可以提升市場彈性同流動性。改善用戶體驗令 DeFi 擴展到更多人群。開發者唔受單一卡鏈局限,可以發揮所長,造出更複雜應用。
Nevertheless, there will be obstacles along the way.
不過,發展過程中都會有唔少障礙。
Due to the increased complexity and security risks posed by abstraction layers, their design and implementation must be meticulous. To make chain abstraction work as intended, we must solve the problems of centralization and make sure different blockchains can communicate with each other. There are important regulatory factors to consider as well. Efforts to regulate DeFi are gaining traction. For long-term success, it's crucial that solutions for chain abstraction include compliance mechanisms without sacrificing decentralization.
因為抽象層帶嚟更高複雜性同安全風險,其設計同實踐都一定要十分謹慎。要令鏈抽象發揮效用,必須解決中心化問題,確保唔同區塊鏈之間可以順利聯通。監管因素同樣重要,DeFi 監管趨勢越來越明顯。想長遠成功,鏈抽象方案一定要兼備合規性同去中心化,不可以只顧一方。
Collective effort within the blockchain community is crucial for chain abstraction to be a success. One way to reduce risks and speed up adoption is to have open standards, transparent protocols, and share best practices. Practical evaluation and incremental enhancements will play a crucial role in the technology's development.
鏈圈社群齊心合力係鏈抽象成功嘅關鍵。開放標準、透明協議、共享最佳實踐有助降低風險同加快採用。實地測試同逐步優化都重大影響呢項技術嘅發展。

