加密貨幣市場快速增長——到2025年初總市值達2.6萬億美元——暴露了全球稅收執行和金融透明度的重大缺口。
傳統銀行體系由金融機構充當可靠的申報中介,而加密資產則可在無集中監管下跨境點對點流動,形成監管盲點。國際貨幣基金組織(IMF)估計,以加密渠道逃稅每年使各國政府合共損失150-200億美元,且隨普及率上升而持續增加。
為應對這一挑戰,經濟合作與發展組織(OECD)制定了加密資產申報框架(CARF),這項劃時代的全球標準旨在促進各司法管轄區間與稅務相關信息的自動交流。CARF預計於2027年正式實施,標誌著各國政府監察和規管加密資產交易方式的重大轉變,實質把去中心化金融納入國際稅務合規標準的範圍內。
CARF誕生,是基於現有稅務透明機制未能應對區塊鏈資產的特質,特別是2014年實施的共同申報標準(CRS)。雖然CRS透過自動交換資訊減少了傳統金融機構的離岸逃稅,但對應對加密貨幣及去中心化金融平台仍顯不足。
多個重大事件加速了CARF的發展:
- 2021年「潘朵拉文件」揭示富人利用離岸架構隱匿資產,凸顯財務透明度需加強。
- OECD 2022年調查發現,67%加密用戶不清楚其納稅義務,而42%的稅務機關對加密交易掌握有限。
- 金融行動特別工作組(FATF)於2021年10月修訂虛擬資產指引,建議加強對加密服務提供商的盡職調查要求。
CARF集結了38個OECD成員國及多個合作夥伴司法管轄區合作力量,共同制定全球一致標準。CARF並非全新機制,而是在既有基礎上補充及協調法規,以減輕合規負擔並提升稅務透明。
框架有兩大目標:
- 阻塞逃稅漏洞,確保加密投資收益如實申報及繳稅
- 跨司法管轄區標準化規定,減少分散及降低合規成本
覆蓋範圍:CARF適用資產與實體
CARF規定範圍極廣,涵蓋大多數利用分佈式帳本技術的數碼價值表現。具體包括:
可申報加密資產:
- 加密貨幣:比特幣、以太坊等支付型代幣(佔市場成交量83%)
- 穩定幣:Tether、USD Coin等與法幣掛鈎的資產,在2024年市值超過2250億美元
- 治理代幣:可賦予持有者去中心化自治組織(DAO)投票權的資產
- 功能型代幣:用於獲取特定產品或服務的數碼資產
- 某些NFT:非同質化代幣,若作投資或支付用途而非純收藏用途
已被CRS涵蓋的資產——如代幣化傳統證券——會被明確排除,以避免重複申報。OECD估計,CARF將涵蓋全球約95%的加密資產交易量。
申報主體:
框架要求所有促成加密資產交易及轉移的企業承擔申報責任,包括:
- 中心化交易所(CEX):如Coinbase、幣安、Kraken,2024年成交額超過14萬億美元
- 去中心化交易所(DEX):如Uniswap、dYdX等,2024年鏈上成交量逾2萬億美元
- 託管錢包服務商:代表用戶代管私鑰的服務
- 經紀人及做市商:執行買賣或為加密資產提供流動性的實體
- 商戶支付服務商:協助商戶接受加密支付的公司
CARF的一大特色,是其對去中心化金融的處理方式。用戶間純點對點自託管錢包的轉帳(約佔交易21%)暫不直接申報,但任何提供中介服務的企業即成為申報單位。區塊鏈分析公司Chainalysis研究指,大約79%的加密價值轉移最終涉及受規管實體,因此大部分交易皆納入CARF監管範圍。
全面申報規定
按CARF規定,申報實體須每年向稅局收集及提交詳細資訊,相關資料再於各參與司法管轄區自動交流,前所未有地提升對跨境加密活動的透明度。
所需資料:
-
用戶身份認證:
- 法定姓名及出生日期
- 居住地址及涉稅司法管轄區
- 每個司法管轄區的納稅人識別號(TIN)
- 實體客戶需申報控權人等相關資訊
-
交易詳情:
- 精確至分鐘的交易時間戳
- 交易類型(買入、賣出、兌換、轉帳)
- 按加密及法幣雙重計算的數量
- 交易雙方的錢包地址
- 跨境轉帳涉及的地理司法管轄數據
-
資產資料:
- 特定加密資產類型
- 交易時的公平市價
- 能夠提供時的成本基礎(用於資本收益計算)
CARF申報範圍分四大交易類別:
- 加密資產與法幣間兌換(佔成交量91%)
- 不同加密資產間兌換(佔7%)
- 超過門檻的零售支付交易
- 所有可申報加密資產的轉移
「最低門檻」旨在減低行政負擔但維護稅收完整。國家實施時會具體劃定門檻,OECD建議年度累計零售交易低於五萬歐元可獲豁免,預計約83%個人用戶可免申報,但仍覆蓋94%的總交易價值。
全球推展時間表及落實情況
OECD規劃CARF按階段推行:
- 2023年:框架最終定稿及技術指南發佈
- 2024-2025年:各地立法落實(現正進行中)
- 2026年:首個申報年度啟動
- 2027年:各國稅局間首輪自動資料交換
截至2025年5月,已有48個司法管轄區正式承諾落實CARF,合共覆蓋全球超過92%的加密交易量。主要接納國家包括:
- 歐盟:27成員國均通過DAC8指令(2024年3月通過)
- 英國:納入2024年《財政法案》
- 新加坡:2024年12月修訂《所得稅法》
- 南韓:2025年2月修訂特別金融資訊法
- 印度:2025年《財政法案》增訂285BAA條款
該框架已獲G20背書,反映主要經濟體強力支持。美國的落實仍視乎國會立法,但國庫部已表示原則支持。
新興經濟體的接受度則有分歧。一些G20新興市場(如巴西、印尼、南非)已承諾執行,但不少低收入國家面對執行能力有限。為收窄這差距,OECD已於2025年啟動技術支援計劃,協助12個發展中國家實施CARF。
技術落實難點
CARF層面廣泛,為稅務部門及業界帶來重大技術挑戰:
身份驗證與錢包歸屬
最大技術挑戰之一是將鏈上交易與現實身份連結。中心化交易所可實行KYC,但牽涉自託管錢包則有認證困難。劍橋另類金融研究中心研究指,約21%加密資產持有人主要用非託管錢包,使監察受限。
為應對此問題,CARF引入「旅遊規則」——申報單位需記錄轉帳至外部錢包的收款人資料。此舉與FATF第16號建議類同,但落實技術複雜。業界解決方案如TRISA及OpenVASP協議,2024年已被72%主流交易所採用。
價值評估一致性
資產公平評價亦是一大挑戰,原因包括:
- 不同交易所報價可有逾5%差異
- 高波動性(部分資產日內波幅可逾15%)
- 部分資產流動性受限
CARF建議採用受監管交易所的成交量加權平均價,但此法未必涵蓋全部經濟價值。 circumstances. A Chainalysis study found that price discrepancies between exchanges could lead to valuation differences exceeding $7 billion annually across the ecosystem.
情況方面,Chainalysis 的一項研究發現,不同交易所之間的價格差異每年可導致整個生態系統的估值出現超過70億美元的落差。
Technical Standards for Data Exchange
To facilitate seamless information sharing, CARF establishes standardized electronic formats using XML Schema. The OECD released the Crypto-Asset Reporting Framework XML Schema (CARF XML Schema) in October 2024, defining:
為促進資訊無縫共享,CARF 制定了以 XML Schema 為基礎的標準化電子格式。經合組織(OECD)於2024年10月發佈了「加密資產申報框架 XML Schema」(CARF XML Schema),當中規定了:
- Data structure requirements
數據結構要求 - Validation rules
驗證規則 - Encryption standards
加密標準 - Error handling procedures
錯誤處理程序
Initial testing conducted among EU member states revealed 92% data validation success rates, though cross-border transmissions exhibited higher error rates during pilot phases.
最初在歐盟成員國進行的測試顯示,數據驗證成功率達92%,但在試點階段,跨境傳輸的錯誤率則相對較高。
Economic Impact on the Cryptocurrency Ecosystem
CARF's introduction represents a pivotal moment for the crypto industry, accelerating its integration into the regulated financial system while imposing significant adaptation costs.
CARF 的引入成為加密產業的重要轉捩點,加速其進入受規管金融體系的進程,同時亦帶來相當大的適應成本。
Compliance Costs and Market Restructuring
For crypto service providers, implementing CARF requirements necessitates substantial investments in:
對加密服務供應商而言,落實 CARF 的要求需要大額投資於:
- Technology infrastructure: Upgrading systems to track and report transaction data
科技基礎設施:升級系統以追蹤及報告交易數據 - Personnel: Hiring compliance specialists and legal advisors
人手:聘請合規專員及法律顧問 - Data management: Implementing secure storage for user information
數據管理:建設用戶資料安全儲存方案
Industry analysis from Forrester Research estimates that major exchanges will spend between $3-7 million each on compliance systems, while smaller platforms face costs of $500,000-1.5 million. These expenses could accelerate industry consolidation, with smaller entities struggling to absorb compliance costs.
Forrester Research 的行業分析預計,大型交易所單是在合規系統上的支出便介乎300萬至700萬美元,而較小的平台則需承擔50萬至150萬美元的成本。這些開支或會加快行業整合,因為較小的企業難以負擔合規成本。
Evidence of this trend is already emerging:
這一趨勢已開始浮現:
- The number of active exchanges declined 12% in 2024
2024年活躍交易所數量下跌12% - Merger and acquisition activity in the crypto space increased 34% year-over-year
加密領域的併購活動按年增長34% - Several regional players have announced plans to exit certain markets citing regulatory complexity
幾家地區性業者已因監管複雜度高而宣佈計劃退出部分市場
Institutional Adoption Catalysts
Paradoxically, while CARF increases compliance burdens, it also removes uncertainty that has deterred institutional participation. Clear reporting guidelines provide the regulatory clarity that traditional financial institutions require for crypto asset engagement.
矛盾地,雖然 CARF 增加了合規負擔,但亦消除了阻礙機構參與的不確定性。清晰的申報指引提供了傳統金融機構參與加密資產所需的監管明確性。
This effect is evident in recent market developments:
這一效果在近期市場動向中已有顯現:
- BlackRock's tokenized bond fund launched in February 2025, followed by similar offerings from Vanguard and Fidelity
BlackRock 於2025年2月推出代幣化債券基金,Vanguard 及 Fidelity 隨後亦發布類似產品 - Goldman Sachs and JPMorgan expanded crypto prime brokerage services in late 2024
高盛及摩根大通於2024年底擴展加密主經紀服務 - Institutional holding of Bitcoin increased from 8% to 14% of circulating supply between 2023-2025
2023至2025年間,比特幣的機構持倉由流通供應量的8%升至14%
A survey by PwC found that 68% of institutional investors cited "improved regulatory clarity" as a primary factor influencing their decision to increase crypto allocations.
羅兵咸永道(PwC)的一項調查發現,68% 的機構投資者將「監管明確性提升」作為增加加密資產配置的主要考量因素。
User Experience and Privacy Implications
For individual users, CARF's implementation creates a tension between tax compliance and privacy expectations. The pseudonymous nature of blockchain transactions - once considered a key feature by many users - faces significant constraints under the new reporting regime.
對個人用戶而言,CARF 的實施令報稅合規與私隱期待之間產生張力。區塊鏈交易一直被不少人視為具備偽匿名特性,而這一特性在新制度下受到嚴重限制。
Recent consumer research indicates mixed reactions:
近期消費者研究顯示反應不一:
- 61% of users support standardized reporting for tax simplification
61% 用戶支持標準化申報以簡化報稅 - 57% express concern about government access to transaction data
57% 對政府能接觸交易數據表示擔憂 - 42% report they are likely to increase usage of privacy-enhancing technologies
42% 表示有可能會更多使用增強私隱技術
These findings suggest potential behavioral shifts, including greater interest in privacy coins, mixing services, and decentralized exchanges. However, the effectiveness of such evasion strategies may diminish as implementation progresses and tracking capabilities improve.
這些結果反映出潛在的行為轉變,包括對私隱幣、混幣服務及去中心化交易所的關注上升。不過,相關規避手段隨著執行深入及追蹤技術提升,其效果可能會減弱。
Protecting Yourself from Social Engineering in Crypto
The implementation of CARF coincides with an alarming rise in social engineering attacks targeting cryptocurrency holders. According to Chainalysis data, crypto scams and thefts resulted in losses exceeding $10.3 billion in 2024, with social engineering techniques accounting for approximately 67% of incidents.
CARF 推行之際,針對加密貨幣持有者的社交工程攻擊亦大幅增加。根據 Chainalysis 數據,2024年加密詐騙及盜竊損失超過103億美元,其中約67%案件涉及社交工程手法。
As mandatory reporting increases the amount of personal and financial data held by crypto platforms, security risks may escalate further. Here are essential strategies to protect yourself from social engineering in the evolving crypto landscape:
強制報告令加密平台持有的個人及財務數據增多,風險有機會進一步加劇。以下是幾項在新形勢下保護自己免受社交工程攻擊的重要策略:
1. Verify Communications Rigorously
Sophisticated phishing attacks often impersonate legitimate entities, including tax authorities and crypto exchanges claiming to need information for "CARF compliance."
高度精密的釣魚攻擊常會冒充正規機構,包括聲稱為「CARF 合規」而收集資料的稅務部門或加密交易所。
Protection measures:
保護方法:
- Independently verify all communication through official channels
任何訊息都應透過官方渠道自行核實 - Never click links in emails or messages claiming to be from exchanges or tax authorities
切勿點擊自稱來自交易所或稅局的電郵或訊息內的連結 - Remember that legitimate tax authorities will rarely request information directly via email
切記正規稅務部門極少會透過電郵直接索取資料 - Use official websites by typing the URL directly rather than following links
使用官方網站時務必親自輸入網址,勿跟隨連結進入
2. Implement Multi-Factor Authentication (MFA)
Strong authentication provides critical protection against account takeovers, particularly as reporting requirements increase the value of compromised accounts.
強化身份認證對於防止帳戶被奪極為重要,尤其在新報告要求下,失陷帳戶的價值更為高昂。
Implementation steps: 落實步驟:
- Enable hardware security keys (like YubiKey) rather than SMS-based verification
優先啟用硬件安全鎖(如 YubiKey),不使用 SMS 驗證 - Use authentication apps rather than email-based verification when hardware keys aren't available
無法用硬件鎖時,應用驗證器應優於電郵驗證 - Apply MFA to both exchange accounts and email accounts associated with crypto platforms
交易所帳戶及相關電郵帳戶都應設置多重身份認證 - Regularly audit connected applications and revoke unnecessary access
定期檢查連接的應用程式,撤銷不必要存取權限
3. Practice Wallet Compartmentalization
Separating assets across different wallets limits exposure in case of compromise.
將資產分散於不同錢包能降低單一錢包失陷時的損失。
Effective strategies:
有效策略:
- Maintain separate wallets for trading, long-term storage, and day-to-day transactions
為交易、長期儲存及日常使用分設錢包 - Use hardware wallets for significant holdings (used by only 23% of crypto holders despite offering superior security)
大額資產應儲存於硬件錢包(雖然只有23%用戶採用,但安全性更高) - Consider multisignature wallets requiring multiple approvals for transactions
可考慮多重簽署錢包,需要多人批核方能交易 - Never store seed phrases digitally or in cloud storage
助記詞切勿以數碼方式或雲端儲存
4. Scrutinize Investment Opportunities
Investment scams have proliferated with promises of "tax advantages" or "CARF exemptions."
以「稅務優惠」或「CARF 豁免」吸引投資的騙局不斷增加。
Red flags to watch for:
應提防的警號:
- Guaranteed returns or tax-free investment promises
保證回報或免稅投資承諾 - Pressure to act quickly before "new regulations take effect"
以「新規實施在即」施壓要求盡快行動 - Unusual payment methods or requests to transfer to private wallets
要求使用不尋常的付款方式或轉賬至私人錢包 - Unsolicited investment advice, especially through social media or messaging apps
主動推送的投資建議,特別是來自社交平台或通訊應用程式
5. Educate Yourself About Tax Obligations
Understanding your actual reporting requirements is essential for identifying fraudulent requests.
了解自己的實際申報義務,有助識別虛假要求。
Key knowledge points:
重點知識包括:
- Familiarize yourself with actual CARF implementation in your jurisdiction
熟悉本地 CARF 實施方案 - Recognize that legitimate tax reporting occurs through regulated exchanges, not direct government contact
知悉正規申報經由受規管交易所進行,而非直接聯絡政府 - Understand that legitimate tax authorities won't request cryptocurrencies as payment
合法稅局不會要求以加密貨幣付稅 - Know that CARF doesn't change your fundamental tax obligations, only reporting mechanisms
CARF 只改變申報方式,不改變你本來的稅務責任
Future Outlook and Evolving Landscape
CARF's implementation marks the beginning rather than the end of crypto tax standardization efforts. Several emerging trends will shape the framework's future evolution:
CARF 的落實只是加密稅務標準化進程的起點。未來有多項新趨勢可能影響框架的演進:
Integration with Digital Identity Solutions
The challenge of identity verification may accelerate development of blockchain-native identity systems. Projects like the EU Digital Identity Wallet (launching in 2026) and the Decentralized Identity Foundation's work on verifiable credentials could eventually integrate with CARF reporting, potentially enhancing both privacy and compliance.
身份認證的挑戰或會推動原生區塊鏈身份系統的發展。歐盟數字身份錢包(2026年推出)和分散身份基金會(DIF)在可驗證憑證方面的項目,日後有機會與 CARF 報告系統結合,從而在提升私隱保護和合規方面取得平衡。
Adaptation to Technology Evolution
As crypto technology evolves, CARF will likely require ongoing updates. Key areas for potential adaptation include:
隨着加密技術持續進步,CARF 亦需不斷更新。以下領域尤需關注:
- Layer-2 scaling solutions like Ethereum's rollups, which may complicate transaction tracking
二層擴容方案(例如以太坊 rollup),可能令交易追蹤更為複雜 - Cross-chain bridges transferring assets between blockchains, potentially creating reporting gaps
跨鏈橋樑在不同區塊鏈間轉移資產,可能造成申報斷層 - Privacy-enhancing technologies such as zero-knowledge proofs that enable compliance while preserving confidentiality
增強私隱技術(如零知識證明),令合規同時兼顧保密性 - Central Bank Digital Currencies (CBDCs) that may require special treatment under reporting frameworks
中央銀行數字貨幣(CBDC)可能需要作特別申報安排
The OECD has committed to biannual technical reviews beginning in 2028 to address these emerging challenges.
經合組織承諾自2028年起每兩年進行一次技術檢討,應對新出現的挑戰。
Global Coordination Challenges
While CARF provides a standardized template, variations in national implementation could create friction. Potential challenges include:
雖然 CARF 提供統一範本,但各地落實細節可能有異,帶來挑戰,例如:
- Data protection conflicts: Tension between reporting requirements and privacy laws like GDPR
數據保護衝突:申報要求與《GDPR》之類私隱法產生矛盾 - Jurisdictional arbitrage: Potential for business migration to less stringent regulatory environments
司法套利:企業可能遷往監管寬鬆地區 - Technical interoperability: Ensuring systems can exchange information seamlessly across borders
技術互通性:確保系統能跨境無縫交換資訊
The Global Forum on Transparency and Exchange of Information for Tax Purposes, comprising 165 member jurisdictions, will serve as the primary coordination body addressing these issues.
由165個司法轄區組成的「稅務透明度及資訊交換全球論壇」將擔當協調這些事項的主要機構。
Final thoughts
The Crypto-Asset Reporting Framework represents the most significant regulatory development in cryptocurrency since the introduction of anti-money laundering requirements for exchanges. By mandating standardized reporting across jurisdictions, CARF fundamentally alters the relationship between crypto assets and the global financial system.
總結而言,加密資產申報框架(CARF)自交易所反洗錢要求推出以來,是加密行業最重大的監管變革。其跨司法管轄區的標準化申報,將完全改寫加密資產與全球金融體系的關係。
For investors and users, adaptation is essential. Understanding reporting obligations, implementing robust security practices, and recognizing social engineering risks will be crucial for navigating this new landscape effectively. While CARF introduces new compliance requirements, it also provides the regulatory clarity that may facilitate broader institutional adoption and mainstream acceptance.
對投資者及用戶而言,適應這一新形勢至關重要。必須認清申報責任,落實安全措施,並防範社交工程風險,才能有效應對。雖然 CARF 帶來更多合規要求,但同時亦帶來有助推動機構廣泛參與及主流化認受的監管明晰性。
For the crypto industry, CARF marks both a challenge and an opportunity. The substantial compliance costs will accelerate market maturation and consolidation while potentially elevating trust in the ecosystem. Projects that integrate compliance by design will likely gain competitive advantages in this new regulatory environment.
對加密行業來說,CARF 既是挑戰,也是機遇。龐大的合規成本將推動市場成熟及整合,亦有助提升生態系統信任度。功能上預設合規的項目,未來更有機會在新監管環境中取得優勢。
As implementation progresses toward the 2027 launch date, stakeholders throughout the ecosystem - from individual users to
隨著推進落實並邁向2027年正式啟動,整個生態圈——由個人用戶以至主要交易所向稅務機關申報——必須為一個轉型的新環境作好準備,因為加密貨幣最初的承諾將會演變,以配合全球對透明度和合規性的標準。

